Upper Limb Fracture

An upper limb fracture refers to a break or crack in one of the bones in the arm, including the humerus (upper arm), radius and ulna (forearm), or bones of the hand and wrist. These injuries can range from simple hairline cracks to complex, displaced fractures. They often occur due to falls, accidents, or direct blows and can lead to pain, swelling, deformity, and limited movement. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to restore bone alignment, ensure healing, and regain functional use of the arm.

The need for treatment arises when trauma causes a bone in the upper limb to fracture, leading to pain, swelling, bruising, or inability to move the affected arm. Common causes include sports injuries, road accidents, falls from heights, or direct impact during daily activities. Depending on the severity and location, fractures may disrupt normal function, cause nerve damage, or affect blood flow. Immediate medical evaluation is necessary to determine the extent of the injury and the most effective treatment plan.

Treatment options depend on the type, location, and complexity of the fracture. Non-surgical treatment such as immobilization with a cast, splint, or sling is often sufficient for simple, stable fractures. For more severe or displaced fractures, surgical intervention may be required to realign and stabilize the bones using metal plates, screws, or rods. The primary goal of treatment is to restore the natural anatomy, promote bone healing, relieve pain, and enable the patient to regain full arm function over time.

In cases where surgery is needed, preoperative assessment includes X-rays or CT scans to map the exact fracture pattern. The orthopedic surgeon will explain the procedure, expected outcomes, and post-operative care. Patients may be instructed to avoid certain medications, particularly blood thinners, and perform light movements to maintain nearby joint function. Arranging assistance at home and preparing for limited use of the affected limb helps ease the transition during the initial recovery phase.

If surgery is required, it is typically performed under general or regional anesthesia. An incision is made over the fracture site, and the bones are carefully realigned. Metal hardware such as plates, pins, or screws may be used to hold the bones in place. The goal is to ensure stable fixation that allows the bone to heal properly. The procedure duration depends on the fracture's complexity but usually takes 1.5 to 2 hours. After securing the fracture, the incision is closed and the limb is bandaged or splinted.

Postoperative care involves close monitoring of the surgical site, pain management, and prevention of complications such as infection or stiffness. Patients receive instructions for home care, including dressing changes and prescribed medications. Cold therapy can help minimize swelling. Physical therapy typically begins within a few days to maintain joint mobility and prevent stiffness. Most patients return to light activities within 6–8 weeks, though high-impact or repetitive arm use should be avoided until full recovery.

Rehabilitation is key to regaining function after an upper limb fracture. Therapy starts with gentle range-of-motion exercises and gradually progresses to strength training and fine motor skill recovery. Depending on the location and severity of the injury, full recovery may take 3 to 6 months. With consistent rehabilitation, most patients regain good strength, coordination, and range of motion. Long-term care may include avoiding heavy lifting and attending follow-up appointments to ensure proper bone healing and functional recovery.